Estructuración in silico de microbiomas impulsados por sustrato para la optimización de bioenergía en biodigestores anaerobios
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20873/vol13n3pibic202529Palabras clave:
digestión anaerobia, metagenómica, bioinformática, microbioma, bioenergíaResumen
La valorización de residuos agroindustriales para la producción de bioenergía es una estrategia crucial para la economía circular en polos como el Cerrado brasileño. Este estudio realizó un metanálisis in silico de 564 muestras de secuenciación de amplicones de ARNr 16S provenientes de 16 estudios, con el objetivo de descifrar la relación entre el tipo de biomasa y la estructura funcional del microbioma en digestores anaeróbicos, para apoyar el diseño de sistemas optimizados. Mediante un robusto pipeline de bioinformática, se demostró que el tipo de sustrato es el principal factor selectivo de la comunidad microbiana, con PERMANOVA confirmando una estructuración significativa en todas las métricas de diversidad beta (p = 0,001), especialmente en métricas filogenéticas (UniFrac ponderado pseudo-F = 10,14). Se revelaron firmas taxonómicas distintas entre las categorías de sustrato: Hydrothermae dominó los digestores de biomasa algal (11,94%), MBA03 prevaleció en sustratos lignocelulósicos (14,28%), Thermovirga caracterizó los sistemas de vinaza (8,95%), y Methanosarcina alcanzó una abundancia excepcional en residuos alimentarios (21,76%), frente a una media global de 4,95%. A pesar de esta alta especialización, la fracción de secuencias no clasificadas alcanzó un 26,96% a nivel global, señalando una materia oscura microbiana aún en gran parte inexplorada en estos ecosistemas. Se concluye que esta prospección computacional ofrece una hoja de ruta predictiva para la ingeniería de consorcios microbianos, permitiendo una transición hacia una gestión dirigida de los biodigestores. El estudio proporciona conocimiento esencial para el diseño racional de biodigestores y acelera el desarrollo de soluciones de bioenergía sostenible para la región.
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