Genetic diversity between soybean varieties based on morphological and molecular markers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20873/jbb.uft.cemaf.v13n3.20499Keywords:
descriptors, genetic divergence, Glycine max, microsatellite, RAPDAbstract
Brazil stands as a global leader in soybean production, a crop of critical importance due to the increasing demand for food, feed, and bioenergy. In this context, the development of high-yielding and adapted cultivars depends heavily on a comprehensive understanding of the genetic diversity available within breeding materials. The absence of accurate information regarding divergent groups may hinder the identification of superior parental combinations, thereby limiting genetic gains and compromising the success of breeding programs. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity among 20 commercial soybean cultivars by estimating genetic distances based on 17 morphological descriptors, 39 RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) markers, and 39 microsatellite (SSR) markers. Morphological traits were assessed under field conditions throughout the crop cycle, while leaf samples were collected at the V3 growth stage for DNA extraction and subsequent molecular analysis. Genetic relationships among cultivars were inferred using Tocher’s optimization method and hierarchical clustering through the UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean) algorithm. The analyses revealed considerable genetic variability among the cultivars, allowing for the identification of divergent groups based on both morphological and molecular data. Notably, cultivars M 5705 IPRO, M 7739 IPRO, and M 8210 IPRO exhibited the greatest genetic divergence and are potential candidates for future hybridization strategies. The use of morphological descriptors proved effective for distinguishing among cultivars and provides a practical basis for diversity analysis in field conditions. When combined with molecular markers, the precision and reliability of the genetic inferences were significantly enhanced, reinforcing the value of integrating phenotypic and genotypic tools in soybean breeding programs.
References
Arriel NHC, Mauro AOD, Mauro SMZD, Bakke AO. Técni-cas multivariadas na determinação da diversidade genética em gergelim usando marcadores RAPD. Pesquisa Agrope-cuária Brasileira, v. 41, n. 5, p. 801-809, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2006000500012
Bizari EH, Val BHP, Pereira EM, Di Mauro AO, Unêda-Trevisoli SH. Selection indices for agronomic traits in seg-regating populations of soybean. Revista Ciência Agronômica, v. 48, n. 1, p. 110-117, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.20170012
Cabral RC, Maekawa SCE, Zuffo AM, Steiner F. Selection indices to identify drought-tolerant soybean cultivars. Re-search, Society and Development, v. 9, n. 7, p. 1-25, 2020. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i7.3812
Cargnelutti Filho A, Ribeiro ND, Burin C. Consistência do padrão de agrupamento de cultivares de feijão conforme me-didas de dissimilaridade e métodos de agrupamento. Pesqui-sa Agropecuária Brasileira, Brasília, v. 45, n. 3, p. 236-243, 2010.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2010000300002
Carvalho IR, Mambrin ER. Genética, melhoramento e tecnolo-gia de sementes. In: MARTIN, T. N.; PIRES, J. L. F.; VEY, R. T. (org.). Tecnologias aplicadas para o manejo ren-tável e eficiente da cultura da soja. Santa Maria: Editora GR, p. 105-126, 2022.
Castro LS, Miranda MH, Lima JE. Indicadores sociais de desenvolvimento e a produção de soja: uma análise multiva-riada nos 150 maiores municípios produtores brasileiros. Revista Brasileira de Gestão e Desenvolvimento. Regional, v. 11, n. 1, p. 69-87, 2015.
Cerutti PH, Santos M, Muniz AT, Rodrigues AR, Carbonari LTS, Schwarzer PA. Desempenho de cultivares de soja em diferentes ambientes de cultivo. Nativa, v. 8, n. 3, p. 390-396, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v8i3.9521
Cruz CD, Ferreira FM, Pessoni LA. Biometria aplicada ao estudo da diversidade genética. Viçosa: UFV, 2020.
Cruz CD. Genes Software – extended and integrated with the R, Matlab and Selegen. Acta Scientiarum. v.38, n.4, p.547-552, 2016.
Cruz CD, Regazzi AJ, Carneiro PCS. Modelos biométricos aplicados ao melhoramento de genético. Viçosa-MG: UFV, v. 1, 514 p., 2012.
Cox TS, Kiang YT, Gorman MB, Rodgers DM. Relationship between coefficient of parentage and genetic similarity indi-ces in the soybean. Crop Science, v. 25, p. 529-532, 1985. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1985.0011183X002500030023x
Dellaporta SL, Wood J, Hicks JB. A plant DNA miniprepara-tion: version II. In: KORBAN, S. S. Plant Molecular Biolo-gy Reporter. 1 ed. Nova York, v. 1, p. 19-21, 1983.
Ferreira Júnior JA, Unêda-Trevisoli SH, Espínola SMCG, Vianna VF, Di Mauro AO. Diversidade genética em linha-gens avançadas de soja oriundas de cruzamentos biparentais, quádruplos e óctuplos. Revista Ciência Agronômica, v. 46, n. 2, p. 339-351, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.20150013
Gwinner R, Setotaw FA, Pasqual M, Santos JB, Zuffo AM, Zambiazzi EV, Bruzi AT. Genetic diversity in Brazilian soybean germplasm. Crop Breeding and Applied Biotech-nology, v. 17, p. 373-381, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-70332017v17n4a56
Hamid MAA, Mandour AE, Ismail TAI, Al-Zohairy, A. M. Detection of genetic diversity in different soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivars using seed storage protein profiles and RAPD-PCR analysis. Zagazig Journal of Agricultural Re-search, v. 44, n. 3, 2017.
https://doi.org/ 10.21608/zjar.2017.52296
Kachare S, Tiwari S, Tripathi N, Thakur VV. Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Soybean (Glycine max) Genotypes Us-ing Qualitative Traits and Microsatellite Markers. Agricultu-ral Research, v. 9, n. 1, p. 23-34, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40003-019-00412-y
Kloster GS, Barelli MAA, Silva CR, Neves LG, Sobrinho SP, Luz PB. Análise da divergência genética através de caracte-res morfológicos em cultivares de feijoeiro. Revista Brasilei-ra de Ciências Agrárias, v. 6, n. 3, p. 452-459, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.5039/agraria.v6i3a1140
Kumar SPJ, Susmita C, Sripathy KV, Agarwal DK, Pal G, Singh AN, Kumar S, Rai AK, Simal-Gandara J. Molecular characterization and genetic diversity studies of Indian soy-bean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivars using SSR markers. Molecular Biology Reports, v. 49, p. 2129-2140, 2022.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-021-07030-4
Machado BQV, Nogueira APO, Hamawaki OT, Jorge GL, Rezende,GF, Glasenapp JS, Hamawaki RL, Hamawaki CDL. Agronomic performance and genetic diversity among lines and soybean cultivars. Bioscience Journal, v. 33, n. 6, p. 1419-1430, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v33n6a2017-37240
Mahalanobis PC. On the generalized distance in statistics. Proceedings of the National Institute of Science of India. v. 2, p. 49-55, 1936.
Mantel N. The detection of disease clustering and a generalized regression approach. Cancer Resourcers, Baltimore, v. 7, n. 2, p, 209-220, 1967.
MAPA – Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimen-to.Cultivares ou espécies registradas. Disnponível em: <https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/insumos-agropecuarios/insumos-agricolas/sementes-e-mudas/registro-nacional-de-cultivares-2013-rnc-1/cultivares-ou-especies-registradas>. Acesso em 11 de setembro de 2023.
Martin TN, Pires JLF, Vey RT. Tecnologias aplicadas para o manejo rentável e eficiente da cultura da soja. Santa Maria: Editora GR, 2022.
Oda MC, Sediyama T, Matsuo E, Cruz CD, Barros EG, Fer-reira MFS. Phenotypic and molecular traits diversity in soy-bean launched in forty years of genetic breeding. Agronomy Science and Biotechnology, v. 1, n. 1, p. 1-9, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.33158/ASB.2015v1i1p1
Rigon JPG, Capuani S, Brito Neto JF, Rosa GM, Wastowski AD, Rigon CAG. Dissimilaridade genética e análise de tri-lha de cultivares de soja avaliada por meio de descritores quantitativos. Revista Ceres, v. 59, n. 2, p. 233-240, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-737X2012000200012
Rodrigues B, Gomes APR, Serafim F, Nogueira APO, Hamawaki, CDL, Hamawaki RL, Hamawaki OT. Dissimi-larity measures and hierarchical methods for the study of genetic diversity on soybean. Bioscience Journal, p. 1544-1555, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v33n6a2017-37909
Seixas CDS, Neumaier N, Balbinot Junior AA, Krzyzanowski FC, Leite RMVBC. (Ed.). Tecnologias de produção da soja. Londrina: Embrapa Soja, 347 p., 2020.
Singh HP, Raigar OP, Chahota RK. Estimation of genetic diversity and its exploitationin plant breeding. The Botanical Review, v. 88, p. 413-435, 2022.
https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s12229-021-09274-y
Sousa LB, Hamawaki OT, Nogueira APO, Cardoso DBO, Dias AC, Oliveira V, Batista RO, Bonetti AM, Hamawaki RL. Microsatellites and phenotypic characteristics used to select soybean lines in a Brazilian university breeding pro-gram. Genetics and Molecular Research, v. 19, n. 1, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4238/gmr18105
Souza JS, Rodrigues LN, Ferreira LT, Uneda-Trevisoli SH, Nascimento NFF. Future-ready crops, genetic variability in lima bean seeds. Acta Scientiarum-Agronomy, v. 46, p. 12, 2024.
https://doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v46i1.66767
Val BHP, Ferreira Júnior JA, Bizari EH, Di Mauro AO, Trevisoli SHU. Diversidade genética de genótipos de soja por meio de caracteres agromorfológicos. Ciência & Tecno-logia: FATEC-JB, v. 6, n. 1, p. 72-83, 2014.
Vieira ESN, Pinho EVRV, Carvalho MGG, Silva PA. Carac-terização de cultivares de soja por descritores morfológicos e marcadores bioquímicos de proteínas e enzimas. Revista Brasileira de Sementes, v. 31, n. 1, p. 86-94, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-31222009000100010
Villela OT, Unêda-Trevisoli SH, Silva FM, Bárbaro Júnior LS, Di Mauro AO. Genetic divergence of roundup ready (RR) soybean cultivars estimated by phenotypic characteris-tics and molecular markers. African Journal of Biotechnolo-gy, v. 13, n. 26, p. 2613-2625, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2014.13661
Wysmierski PT, Vello NA. The genetic base of Brazilian soybean cultivars: Evolution over time and breeding implica-tions. Genetics and Molecular Biology, v. 36, n. 4, p. 547-555, 2017.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Lais Nóbrega Rodrigues, Carlos Eduardo Pulcinelli, Welison Andrade Pereira
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2024 - Journal of Biotechnology and Biodiversity
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0 at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g. in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (Available at The Effect of Open Access, at http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio.html).
