Potencial aplicação de nanopartículas a base de quitosana contendo óleos essenciais contra mosquitos, mariposas e besouros
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20873/jbb.uft.cemaf.v9n3.silvamaiaPalavras-chave:
controle de pestes, nanopartículas, poliméricas, ensaio biológico, testes in vivo, atividade larvicida, toxicidade fumiganteResumo
A associação entre o uso de inseticidas sintéticos e o surgimento de insetos resistentes, intoxicações humanas e contaminação do meio ambiente gerou a necessidade do desenvolvimento de novas formas de controle de pragas, e os óleos essenciais se destacam como alternativa. Porém, devido à sua volatilidade e instabilidade, seu uso na forma nativa é inviável. É possível contornar esses problemas por meio do seu encapsulamento, e o uso de nanopartículas poliméricas para esse fim apresenta vantagens, pois esses sistemas evitam a degradação do óleo e controlam sua liberação. Os primeiros ensaios in vivo de nanopartículas de quitosana contendo óleos essenciais com atividade inseticida foram publicados no final da década de 2010. Considerando o interesse crescente neste assunto, como pode-se observar pelo aumento no número de publicações, esta revisão teve como objetivo reunir todos os trabalhos que apresentaram ensaios biológicos utilizando óleos essenciais encapsulados em nanopartículas de quitosana contra insetos. Além disso, as técnicas usadas para preparar essas nanopartículas também são discutidas. Foi possível notar que a técnica denominada coacervação complexa gerou partículas menores e a maioria dos artigos que descreve testes in vivo de nanopartículas de quitosana contendo óleos essenciais avaliam sua atividade larvicida. Dentre as nanopartículas testadas, as que apresentaram melhor atividade larvicida em testes de toxicidade aguda foram as obtidas por complexação da quitosana com goma do cajueiro e as com melhor atividade residual foram as reticulados com glutaraldeído. Nanopartículas de quitosana contendo óleos essenciais também aumentaram a atividade inseticida destes em testes de toxicidade contra besouros adultos.
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